Essay on the Two Types of Pride in Pride and Prejudice

Two Types of Pride in Pride and Prejudice In the novel Pride and Prejudice by Jane Austen, there is a stark contrast between the pride displayed by the characters Mr. Fitzwilliam Darcy and Mr. Bennet. Austen demonstrates the importance of possesing the correct pride and makes this the main theme throughout the novel. Pride may be considered as either an attribute or flaw. To posses pride as an attribute is to have self-respect, honor, and integrity. To posses pride as a flaw is to demonstrate arrogant or disdainful conduct and haughtiness. Mr. Fitzwilliam Darcy posses pride as an attribute while Mr. Bennet posses pride as a flaw. Darcy is responsible for his sister, himself, his estate, and his family name. He†¦show more content†¦But Darcy finds out and stops it immediately. This shows that Darcy is concerned with his sisters well-being; this incident further intensifies his hatred for Wickham, but Darcy protects his sister from him. By protecting his sister, Darcy also wants to make her happy; in turn, he purchases a piano for Georgiana so that she can play well. He takes his responsibilities seriously and fulfills them. For example, as explained briefly in the previous paragraph, he takes pride in his honor and displays generous treatment of his servants and tenants. Mrs. Reynolds, th e housekeeper, says that à ¬[Darcy] is the best landlord, and the best master,à ® and that she never had à ¬ a cross word from himà ® in her life. He cares even for his servants generously and is not haughty about his higher class status. This further shows Darcys attention to responsibility, self-respect, and honor. Mr. Darcy is also in charge of the protecting his family name and estate. He holds his family name and estate of Pemberley with high esteem and value, but not in a conceited manner like Lady Catherine de Bourghs. Darcys pride here is not of a negative nature, but is one of positive nature. His pride in his name is typical of any person; and in some instances when it is jeopardized, he takes care of the situation and returns everything back to normal. For example, Darcy does not want the Pemberley estate to be à ¬taintedà ®Show MoreRelated A Character Analysis of Elizabeth Bennet Essay examples1591 Words   |  7 PagesJane Austen’s novel Pride and Prejudice , there are many references to the unusual character of Elizabeth Bennet ; she is seen to be an atypical female during those times. Wit , bravery , independence , and feminist views all describe a most extraordinary model for women. Pride and Prejudice is a humorous novel about the trials of marrying well in the early eighteenth century. It focuses mainly on the actions of two couples – Elizabeth Read MoreThe Influence of Regency England in Pride and Prejudice1604 Words   |  7 PagesEngland’s preconceptions. The characters in Austen’s novel, Pride and Prejudice, seek economic security through marriage, and cast a critical eye on those who divert themselves with lesser, frivolous pursuits, resulting in their efforts to either maintain or contend with propriety. It was â€Å"a truth universally acknowledged† (Austen 5) in Austen’s time that marriage yielded benefits of a practical nature. Indeed, several characters in Pride and Prejudice are fixated on the remunerations of an advantageousRead MoreJane Austen s Pride And Prejudice1589 Words   |  7 PagesIntroduction Jane Austen’s’ Pride and Prejudice was published in 1813. The setting of the novel was based in England. During the 18th century, society’s main focus was on social status, courtship, and marriage. Pride and Prejudice depicts the commotion of a town called Longbourn by the arrival of Mr. Bingley, a wealthy man. At the beginning of the novel, Mrs. Bennet is trying to marry one of her five daughters-Jane, Elizabeth, Mary, Kitty, or Lydia-to Bingley. When Mr. Bingley meets Jane at a ballRead MoreAll Of The Good And Bad Relationships That Came From The Book, Pride And Prejudice861 Words   |  4 Pagesand to be someones. Now a days, people meet each other through school or some type of social media. However, back to when Pride and Prejudice took place (between 1796 and 1813), things were a little different. A girl back then would usually meet a man through their parents and would eventually marry that man. In this essay one will learn about all of the good and bad relationships that came from the book, Pride and Prejudice. In the book the Bennets are considered and unhealthy couple. Reason is becauseRead MorePride And Prejudice And The Great Gatsby3745 Words   |  15 PagesMoney as Presented in the Novels Pride and Prejudice and The Great Gatsby Kayla Senecal IB English Essay: English Group 1 Candidate: 001134-0000 Word Count: 3736 Abstract Two main focuses that encompass life are love and money. Since the invention of money, it has been a competition to see who can become the wealthiest and therefore the most successful. But are people really successful if they are unhappy without a person to love in their lives? This essay will investigate the importanceRead More Feminism in Pride and Prejudice by Jane Austen Essay1713 Words   |  7 PagesFeminism in Pride and Prejudice by Jane Austen Jane Austen, the author of Pride and Prejudice, holds feminist views and uses the novel to show her opinions about womens issues. Pride and Prejudice is a personal essay, a statement of Jane Austens feelings about the perfect lady, marriage, and the relationship between the sexes. Jane Austens characters, plot, and dialogue are biased to reflect her beliefs. The biased process and importance of marriage are introduced with the first lineRead MoreJane Austens Pride and Prejudice Essay1276 Words   |  6 PagesPride and Prejudice Essay: Own Prompt #8-The Obscurities of the Victorian Society In Pride and Prejudice, Jane Austen satirizes the superficially built society in Victorian Era by pointing out the flaws with the recurring themes of marriage versus love and gender roles through dramatic irony and character relations. All relationships and the idea of true love tend to be obscured by this materialistic society that is based on wealth, power, title, and connections. Jane Austen constantly paintsRead MoreCompare the Presentation of Love in Shakespeare to Pride and Prejudice1074 Words   |  5 Pages‘Romeo and Juliet’ and ‘Pride and Prejudice’ are the two of English literature’s most celebrated and loved stories.   In both cases, the theme of the story is love between a young man and women and the lovers are the main characters about which the rest of the cast or characters in the story revolve.   Although both are romances, in the literal sense of the word, there are numerous differences between them; this essay intends to examine the similarities and differences between the two works, specificallyRead More Pride and Prejudice Essay: The Faults of Pride and Prejudice1751 Words   |  8 PagesThe Faults of Pride and Prejudice      Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   If we investigate the themes, characters and setting of Jane Austens Pride and Prejudice in an effort to find faults of logic, we must first recognize that the entire work is a fault of logic because Austens world is a microcosm of one level of society, a level wherein everything and everyone turns out kindly, whether they be heroes or villains, rich or poor, or proud or prejudice.   This is because unlike conventional romantic novels, like WutheringRead More Pride and Prejudice and Jane Eyre: Love and Characterization2663 Words   |  11 Pagesfocus on the love between characters, and each character loves differently. In Jane Eyre, Mr. Rochester and Jane have an impassioned affair, this affair is cut short by Jane’s realization that Mr.Rochester already has ties to another woman. In Pride and Prejudice, it is clear that Elizabeth Bennet and Fitzwilliam Darcy love each other very deeply, as Mr. Darcy is able to overcome his doubts about Elizabeth’s f amily, and his own timidity, and marry his true love. Though their romance is more reserved

Marketing - 3826 Words

Brief Description Of Thomson Organisation Marketing Essay Thomson is one of best and largest tour operator in the world. The company originally named Thomson tour operator and renamed in 1997 was founded as part of the Thomson Travel Group in 1965.Thomson UK headquarters in Luton, England. Thomson’s trading division of TUI UK limited. The company number is 02830117. When customers buy the holiday packages form Thomson, they will not apply to any course of dealing between Thomson other than the package holiday booked. The package holiday as advertised by Thomson will also have restrictions set out in Thomson A-Z guide books. And customer should read Thomson A-Z guide and these terms and condition carefully, before customer booked there†¦show more content†¦Policy development is a complex process which frequently takes place in an unstable and rapidly changing context, subject to unpredictable internal and external factors. As a cross-sectional view of an evolving picture, the utility of stakeholder analysis for predicting and managing the future is time-limited and it should be complemented by other policy analysis approaches. PESTEL analysis of Thomson holidays Political—Political factor means how and what government degree in economics. So Thomson should also know about the government policy of this country. It’s also including with goods and services, which is government provide to the Thomson tour operator. Specifically, political factor are include such as, labour law, environmental law, taxation, tariffs, tread law, local council law etc. Economic-Economic factor means how Thomson operator and take decisions. For example, money interest rate affects a cost of capital in firms. So economic factor is including with like, interest rates, economic growth, inflation rate, and money exchange rates etc. Social-Social factor means what are the cultural aspects, population growth rates, life style of social people, age distribution, Thomson also make sure about thus kind of factor. So is including with cultural festival, demography, geography, languages behaviour, religion festival etc. Technological-Technological factor is including as R and D activity. It is very important to know about latest Technology. Because,Show MoreRelatedMarketing Analysis : Marketing And Marketing966 Words   |  4 Pagesreflect back over these last five weeks I now have a clearer view of marketing and how it affects not just the consumers of the world and the companies with their marketing managers, but how it affects me. 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To be more precise, the main mission of marketing is choosing targetRead MoreMarketing Concept Of Marketing : Marketing1651 Words   |  7 PagesMarketing concept Marketing plays a major function in any business organisation. The essence of marketing is about designing and managing a product and generating exchanges of value from where both the customer and the organisation can attain benefits. Marketing is the activity, set of institutions and processes for creating, communicating, delivering and exchanging offerings that have value for customers, clients, partners and society at large (Solomon, Marshall Stuart, 2009, p.13). MarketersRead MoreMarketing Functions Of Marketing And Marketing1229 Words   |  5 Pagestrends, the marketing function is used as a measure in the business-to-business practice, to capture and place varied products in a market place (Kono, 2004). 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Railway Work Shop Free Essays

INDEX 1. Acknowledgement 2. Introduction 3. We will write a custom essay sample on Railway Work Shop or any similar topic only for you Order Now Layout of Railway Workshop 4. Salient Features of Jodhpur Railway Workshop 5. B. T. C. 6. Shop Organization 7. Machine Shop 8. Mill Wright Shop 9. Black Smith Heat Treatment Shop 10. Roller Bearing 11. Corrosion Shop 12. Brake Gearing Shop 13. Lifting Shop 14. Project ACKNOWLEDGEMENT To make any endeavor successful, especially where the cooperation so many is needed, a lot of help is needed from those who are in a position to help. In the Engineering field only theoretical knowledge cannot satisfy an Engineer’s need and only on the basis an Engineer cannot do field work efficiently therefore it is very important for an Engineering student to opt some training. To get this knowledge every student of engineer college takes training according to his own branch in a well established factory or an organization in which work is being done practical and how practical work is managed in normal working condition. I am grateful to MR. RAJAT BHAGWAT, the Training and placement officer, M. B. M. Engineering College, Jodhpur for giving me the permission fro training. I would like to take this opportunity to thank all those who made my training at NORTH WESTERN RAILWAY WORKSHOP, (JODHPUR) not only possible, but also a learning experience. My sincere thanks to the Sh. Mr. B. C. Soni (B. T. C. Chief Instructor), Mr. M. S. Solanki (Sr. Instructor), Mr. R. K. Jain (Sr. Instructor), Mr. A. K. Gautam (Sr. Instructor), Mr. Rajesh Purohit (Sr. Instructor), Mr. Premdas Vaishnav (Sec. Engineer), Mr. Rajendra (Ju. Engineer), Mr. L. P. Verma (Sr. Sec. Engineer), Mr. Rajendra Sisodia (Store Clerk), Smt. Urmila Solanki (Office Clerk) I also express my sincere thanks to the incharge of B. T. C. for their regular Guidance and their helpful nature without which I cannot complete my training. I am also thankful to all the incharge of Jodhpur Railway Workshop and their sub ordinates and workers, which helped us a lot and shown the interest in us, it gives me a great pleasure in presenting my training report on Jodhpur Railway Workshop. Sumita Hemrom B. E. II Year Student Mechanical Engineering M. B. M. Engg. College, Jodhpur ADMINISTRATIVE HIERACHY Jodhpur workshop is handled by Chief Workshop Manager. He is assisted by a team of officers with the sectional staff as under: C. W. M. Sh. S. D. Meena Dy. C. M. E. Sh. D. S. Bhati W. M. Sh. J. P. Sharma W. E. E. Sh. R. S. Choudhary S. P. O Sh. N. S. Chawada S. A. F. A. Sh. K. C. Ramdeo X. En. Sh. D. R. Choudhary A. W. M. Sh. R. A. Yadav W. A. E. E. Sh. L. D. Gautam A. F. A. Sh. S. S. Ram INTRODUCTION Workshop is located near main Railway station of Jodhpur. This workshop is well established and running successfully as a complete organization. In 1969, to increase administrative efficiency, the post of â€Å"Works Manager† was upgraded to Deputy Chief Mechanical Engineer. Now a days, this workshop has not only stopped importing valuable and costly components but also started the production of some essential and sophisticate components. Along with this, the basic role of Jodhpur workshop is: – 1. Periodic over hauling of the Railway coach and bogies at the level. 2. Manufacture and repairing of components used in Diesel engine for Diesel shed. 3. Maintenance and repairing of all the machines, which are installed in Jodhpur Railway station. 4. Now a days, it is also engaged in production of some components, which needs to be replaced in Railway coaches and bogies. There are 16 regional head quarters in India which are as follows:- 1. Western Railway – Mumbai 2. Central Railway – Mumbai 3. Northern Railway – New Delhi 4. Southern Railway – Chennai 5. Eastern Railway – Chennai 6. South Eastern Railway – Calcutta 7. North Eastern Railway – Gorakhpur 8. South Central Railway – Secundarabad 9. North East Frontier Railway – Guwahati 10. East Central Railway – Hazipur 11. North Central Railway – Allahabad 12. North Western Railway – Jaipur 13. West Central Railway – Jabalpur 4. South Western Railway – Hubli 15. South East Central Railway – Bilaspur 16. East Coast Railway – Bhuvaneshwer SALIENT FEATURES OF JODHPUR RAILWAY WORKSHOP | 1. |Total Area | 115339 sq. m. | | 2. |Covered Area (Shed + Buildings) | 48983 sq. m. | | 3. |Track length | 8820. 9 m. | | 4. |Road Length | 1564 m. | | 5. Electric Consumption | 2. 2 lac units/month | | 6. |No. Of Machines | 446 | | 7. |Standby Generation Capacity | 796 KW | | 8. |Power Demand | 1240 KVA | | 9. |Power Factor | 0. 85 | | 10. Water Storage: Underground | 3337 lit. | | |Overhead |225 lit. | | 11. | Pneumatic Power By | 10 Compressors | POWER SUPPLY The electricity is supplied by JVVNL and is also generated by generator sets in case of supply failure. The requirement of electricity in workshop is as follows:- | 1. |Connected Load | 4600 KVA | | 2. Demand | 1360 KVA | | 3. |Maximum Demand | 1400 KVA | | 4. |Actual Utilization: Day Shift | 110-1250 KVA | | |Night Shift |400-500 KVA | | 5. |Average Consumption per day | 9000 Units | | 6. Lighting Consumption Per Month | 15000 Units | Today the staff strength stands at 2400 employees including 150 supervisors and 6 administrative officers. In 1992 it achieved the ISO 9001 certificate. Shop Organization [pic] BLACK SMITH AND HEAT TREATMENT INTRODUCTION Smithing is understood to handle relative small jobs only such as can be heated in an open fire or hearth. The shop in which the work is carried out is known as smithy’s or smithy shop and various operation are performed by means of hand hammer or small power hammers. Forging refers to production of those parts which must be heated in a close furnace. The portion of work in which forging is done is termed as the forge and work is mainly performed by means of heavy hammers, forging machines and presses. Shaping of metal is done either by steady compression or by impact between hammer and anvil after heating it above recrystallisation temperature in forging. Forging can be defined as the controlled plastic deformation of metal at elevated temperature in to a predetermined sizes and shapes using compressive forces exerted through some type of die by a hammer, a press or an upsetting machine. The B. S. H. T. shop is divided as:- 1. Draw gear section 2. Buffer section 3. Spring section INSTALLATIONS 1. Pneumatic power hammers (5 nos. ) 250 kg. Capacity-2nos. 500 kg. Capacity-1nos. 1000 kg. Capacity-2nos. 2. Hydraulic presses (3 nos) 3. Combined shearing, punching and nibbing machine (1 nos) 4. Spring testing machine (2 nos. ) 5. Air blowers (2 nos. ) 50 h. p. 6. Grinder (1 nos. ) 7. Circular saw (1 nos) 8. Power hacksaw (1 nos ) 9. Furnace (6 nos) 10. Shot peening machine (1 nos) 11. Tension (proof load ) testing machine (1 nos) PNEUMATIC POWER HAMMER:- The hammer has two cylinders compressor cylinder ram cylinder. Piston of compressor cylinder compresses air and delivers it to the ram cylinder where it accelerate the piston, which is integral with ram delivering the blows to the work. The reciprocation of the compression piston is obtained from a crank drive which is powered from a motor through reducing gear. The air distributor device between the two cylinders consist of rotary valves with parts through which air passes into the ram cylinder, blows above the piston, alternatively. This drives the ram up down respectively. HYDRAULIC POWER PRESS:- In power press the ram is driven by power instead of hand as in the case of hand press , The principal of a typical forging press is as follows:- The fluid passes first from a large capacity tank to a pump and then is delivered on the press with the aid of an accumulator and distributor at a pressure of at a pressure of at 200 to 300 kg/cm. The accumulator fluid pressure flows into to main cylinder and pressure on the top of the large piston. Since the cross-section area of the piston in the main cylinder is large, the press ram is forced down upon the material to be forged which lies on the anvil with high total power. Each power stroke the large piston is returned into its initial position by action of the working fluid on the piston rod in the pull back cylinder. To perform this motion, a relatively lower fluid pressure, but a large volume of water per unit time is required to accelerate the return stroke. FURNACES: The job is heated to correct forging temperature in a hearth or furnaces. The gas and oil are economical, easily controlled and most widely used fuels. In workshop, we used coal and crude oil as fuel forge furnaces are built so as to ensure a temperature up to 1350 degree centigrade in their working chamber. Two types of furnaces are used in this shop:- 1. Coke fired furnaces 2. Coal fired furnaces In cock furnace coke is used as fuel. In oil fired furnaces diesel is used as fuel. Diesel is sent by cast iron pipes from diesel tank in an injector and compressed air is sent on high intensity by a blower. The air jet mixed with diesel is used as fuel in oil fired furnace. Furnace are used to red hot the raw material to the required temperature. Fuel is injected into these furnace with a great pressure associated with air blast. This high pressure is generated by centrifugal air compressor, which is situated in the shop itself. This compressed air from the compressor is then taken to several furnaces through the underground pipes. One man is present near the furnace that puts the raw material and takes out the red-hot material, which is then placed under power hammer. After acquiring the required shape, these products are either hardened by various hardening procedures or simply cooled to the atmospheric temperature. Draw Gear Section:- The draw gear and screw coupling are used to connect two coaches to each other. These are designed for a proof load of 75tones and breaking load of 130t. The components are specially heat treated to achieve the load bearing capacity. In maintenance procedure of draw gear and screw coupling stress relieving is done. The components made of st 60-61 are to be stress relived and the new material introduced for draw gear IS: 5517-93 Grade35Mn6M03 is not to be heat treated. The maximum temperature up to which draw gear can be heated is 550 C. Buffer Section:- Buffers are used to absorb the shock during impact action of coaches. Apart from absorb the impact energy it also guide the coaches to align in track during turn on curvature. Each buffer has capacity of 1030 kg-m with a total stroke of 127 mm. Rubber springs are used in this buffer assembly so it have low absorption capacity in earlier part of the stroke which rises rapidly towards the end resulting in absorption of high shock loads and transmitting of minimum end pressure to under frame. Components of buffer assembly: ? Buffer casing (cast steel) ? Buffer plunger (cast steel, forged) ? Rubber buffer pads ? Buffer spindle ? Destruction tube ? Recoil spring ? Recoil spring parting plate ? Buffing spring parting plate ? Recoil spring washer ? Face plate for buffer plunger M-24 Hex head bolt Spring Section:- The springs are used in the bogie for the suspension system of coaches. There are two types of suspension as primary and secondary suspension. The springs classified to primary and secondary system by the load carried by them. Fig: Inspection procedure:- Inspect all components visually for dimensional distortion and surface defects such as cracks, wear, dent marks and pitting etc. Remove scale, rust, light cracks by grinder. Stress relieving. In case of doubt of cracks dye penetration or magna flux machine is used to check the cracks Load test is done on load testing machine for 100t to 150t. In all this procedure if component is find ok then it is dispatched to the assembly. ROLLER BEARING In passenger coaches of Indian Railway system, only single bearing type axle box arrangement is used, means only two bearing are used to support the axle. The bearing used for this purpose is of Spherical Type Roller Bearing. CONSTRUCTION:- Spherical roller bearing consist of an outer ring having a spherical race way within which two rows of barrel shaped rollers operate. These rollers are guided by an inner ring with two raceway separated by a center rib. This bearing has self alignment. Spherical roller bearings have a large capacity for radial loads, axle loads in either direction. Spherical roller bearing no. 22336/c3 with 130 mm parallel bore on the inner ring are being used on ICF type coaches. They are directly shrunk fit on the axle journals. These roller bearings are to be inspected periodically as per schedule. Fig: TOOLS AND PLANTS FOR MAINTENANCE OF ROLLER BEARING:- |S. no. |Function |Equipment used | |1. Cleaning of roller bearing |3 stage cleaning plant or pre wash, wash water rinsing | |2. |Dismounting of spherical roller bearings |Hydraulic dismounting equipment-withdrawal nut | |3. |Mounting of roller bearings |Induction heater with demagnetizing device | |4. |Securing of end locking bolts |Torque wrench | |5. |Visual inspection of demounted roller bearings |Magnifying glass with light | |6. Checking of radial clearance |Long feeler gauge | |7. |Measurement of journal |Outside micrometer | | | | | | | | | DISMOUNTI NG OF BEARING:- ? For dismounting of bearings, special hydraulic dismounting equipment is used. This machine injects oil between the journal and bore to the inner ring with high pressure which expands inner ring resulting in breaking of interference. The bearing becomes loose on the journal and slides over it. The bearing is then removed from the journal and sent to the cleaning plant. ? All components of bearing such as inner ring, outer ring, rollers, and cage are examined for cracks, damage and breakage. If bearing is found free from all the defects mentioned above, the radial clearance is measured with feeler gauge. Radial clearance is not within prescribed limits, the bearing is rejected. RECOMMENDED RADIAL CLEARANCE LIMITS FOR BEARING IN DISMOUNTED CONDITION: |Bearing make |Radial clearance | |SKF |0. 105 to 0. 296 mm | |NBC |0. 080 to 0. 190 mm | MOUNTING OF BEARING:- ? Before mounting the bearings, it is checked that journal and shoulder diameters are within permissible limits. All direct mounted spherical roller bearing have interference fit with axle journal, therefore it requires heating and shrinkage fitting. Heating of bearings is done by using an induction heater. Fig: ? Temperature range for heating the bearing is 100 to 120 centigrade. ? Induction heating is a quick, safe, energy saving and environment friendly process. In this system, bearing is short circuited to perform as a secondary winding whereas the core winding is at primary side. Bearing is placed around a yoke. Due to principal of induction current, bearing is heated due to its electrical resistance and attains the desired temperature. It is recommended to set the machine in such a way that it t akes 5 to 7 minutes to attain the temperature of 120c maximum of bearing. ? Heated bearing mounted on journal with the help of hook and it is positioned by giving light taps with plastic hammer. BEARING IS REJECTED FOR THE FOLLOWING DEFECTS: ? Pitted or flaked roller tracks and rollers. ? Cracked or deformed or badly worn out cage ? Cracked inner or outer ring ? Scored or damaged outer surface of the outer ring. ? Indentation or rings or rollers ? Scoring of roller tracks or rollers ? Corrosion damage Excessive or less radial clearance CORROSION SHOP ICF coaches incorporate a no. of pressed steel sections made of thin sheets (1. 6, 2. 0, 2. 5, 4 mm) and plates of thickness 5 to 16 mm in the construction of the shell. These sheets are considerably stressed as the design of the coaches is based on the principle of a self supporting structure and it is essential that these coaches are maintained in good condition free from corrosion. Corrosion is take place when a steel surface comes in contact with moisture. For prevention the corrosion, film of paint is coated on steel surfaces. In addition to it, application of an inhibite Zinc Chromate Red Oxide Primer is done to prevent the surfaces coming in contact with atmosphere. Surfaces which are not finish painted have also been given ? coats of bituminous emulsion which gives added protection to the steel surfaces by excluding moisture along with primer. If due to some reason like abrasive action of sand, the bituminous film brake down, the inhibitive primer acts as a second line of defence. Corrosion of steel surfaces starts only when both the bituminous and the primer suffer mechanical injury. Corrosion is indicated by: ? Flaking of paints ? Flaking of metals ? Pitting and rusting Corrosion can be classified into two categories as vulnerable and not vulnerable. Vulnerable corrosion of parts means, the parts are fully corroded and they should be changed for further operation. The examples of vulnerable members in coaches are tubular frame below lavoratories, trough floor in bays, sole bar, body pillars etc. Not vulnerable parts mean the parts which are corroded to little depth and they may be use still by treatment of corrosion. The examples of mot vulnerable members are head stock inner and outer along with stiffening tubes, roof sheets, body side doors, partition walls, water tank ceiling construction, battery box etc. All the components of coaches are examined in following way for corrosion:- ? Visual inspection ? By spiked hammer ? In the inner surfaces by making g the holes in corresponding component. ? If the components are corroded excess as prescribed limit then change the component by new one. ? And if the component is not so much corroded then repair the component by scrapping old coats of paint and make new coats of paints of anticorrosive layer BRAKE GEAR SHOP Presently coaches are mounted with air brake system instead of vacuum brake system due to better braking application. The air brake used is TWIN PIPE GRADUATED RELEASE AIR BRAKE SUSTEM. In this system two pipes known as feed pipe and brake pipe are used, instead of that there are two brake cylinder on each bogie, one auxiliary reservoir, a distribution valve, a control reservoir etc. The air brake system uses compressed air supplied by the main reservoir in locomotive. The locomotive compressors charge the feed pipe throughout the length of the train . The feed pipe is connected to the auxiliary reservoir and the brake pipe is connected to the brake cylinder through the distributor valve. Brake application takes place by dropping the pressure in the brake pipe. Charging the brake system †¢ Brake pipe throughout the length of train is charged with compressed air at 5 kg/cm2 †¢ Feed Pipe throughout the length of train is charged with compressed air at 6 kg/cm2 †¢ Control reservoir is charged to 5 kg/cm2 †¢ Auxiliary reservoir is charged to 6 kg/cm2 Brake application stage For brake application the brake pipe pressure is dropped by ventilating air from the driver’s brake valve. Subsequently the following actions take place †¢ The control reservoir is disconnected from the brake pipe. †¢ The distributor valve connects the auxiliary reservoir to the brake cylinder and the brake cylinder piston is pushed outwards for applications of brakes. †¢ The auxiliary reservoir is however continuously from feed pipe at 6kg/cm2 |Description |Reduction in B. P Pressure | |Minimum Brake application |0. 5 to 0. kg/cm2 | |Service Brake application |0. 8 to 1. 0 kg/cm2 | |Full service Brake application |1. 0 to 1. 5 kg/cm2 | |Emergency Brake application |Brake pipe is fully exhausted and its pressure reduces | | |to almost zero. | Brake release stage: Brakes are released by recharging brake pipe to 5 kg/cm2 pressure through the driver’s brake valve. ? The distributor valve isolated the brake cylinder from the auxiliary reservoirs. ? The brake cylinder pressure is vented to atmosphere through DV and brake cylinder moves inwards. [pic] BRAKE CYLINDER Every coach fitted with air brake system, have two brake cylinders for actuating brake rigging for the application and release of brakes. During application of brakes the brake cylinder develops mechanical brake power by outward movements of its piston assembly, by receiving air pressure from auxiliary reservoir through the distributor valve. This mechanical power is transmitted to the brake shoes through a combination of levers. During release action of brakes the compression spring provided in the brake cylinder brings back the rigging to its original position. The cylinder body is made out of sheet or cast iron and carries the mounting bracket, air inlet connection rib and flanges to the cylinder body a dome cover is fitted with the help of bolts and nuts. The dome cover enclosed the spring and passage for the piston trunk which is connected to the piston by screws. The piston is cast iron having a groove in which piston packing is seated . piston packing is of oil and abrasion resistant rubber material and is snap fit to the piston head. The packing as self lubricating characteristic which ensure adequate lubrication over a long service period and extends seal life considerably. AUXILARY RESERVOIR The auxiliary reservoir is a cylindrical vessel made of sheet metal. On both the ends of the reservoir, flanges are provided for pipe connections. One end of the auxiliary reservoir is charged through the feed pipe to a pressure of 6 kg/cm2 . At the bottom of the auxiliary reservoir, a drain cock is provided for draining out the condensate/moisture . The auxiliary reservoir should be overhauled in every POH. DISTRIBUTOR VALVE Distributor valve is the most important functional component of air brake system and is also referred as the heart of air brake system. The distributor valve sense drop and rise in brake pipe pressure for brake application and release capacity. It is connected to the brake pipe through branch pipe. Various other components connected to the distributor valve are auxiliary reserve reservoir, brake cylinders and control reservoir. FUNCTION OF DISTRIBUTOR VALVE For application and release of brakes the brake pipe pressure has to be reduced and increased respectively with the help of driver’s brake vale. During these operations the distributor valve mainly performs the following function. i) Charges the brake system to regime pressure during normal running condition. ii) Help in graduated brake application, when pressure in brake pipe is reduced in steps. ii) Helps in graduated brake release, when pressure in brake pipe is increased in steps. iv) Quickly propagates reduction of pressure in brake pipe throughout the length of the train by arranging additional air pressure reduction locally inside the distributor valve. v) Limits maximum brake cylinder pressure for full service applicationemergency application. vi) Control the time for brake application and brake release depend ing on service conditions. vii) Facilitates complete discharge of air from the air brake system manually with the help of operating lever. iii) Protects overcharging of control reservoir when the brake pipe pressure is quickly increased for releasing the brakes. C3W DISTRIBUTOR VALVE The C3W distributor valve consists of: 1) Main body 2) Quick service valve 3) Main valve 4) Limiting device 5) Double release valve 6) Auxiliary reservoir check valve 7) Cut off valve 8) Application choke 9) Release choke OPERATION OF C3W DISTRIBUTOR VALVE For effective functioning of air brake system, the distributor valve has to operate effectively during 1) Charging stage 2) Application stage 3) Release stage 1) CHARGING STAGE During charging stage the compressed air flows from the brake pipe and enters into the brake pipe chamber of main valve, cutoff valve and quick service valve. Due to this pressure the various valve get activated and perform as under MAIN VALVE Due to brake pipe pressure acting on top face of the large diaphragm, differential pressure acts on the main valve. As a result the hollow stem moves downward there by connecting brake cylinder to atmosphere. In addition these because of BP pressure at top of large diaphragm it press ring and trigger. This action unlocks the CR release valve by raising upward the locking rod. CUT OFF VALVE As brake pipe pressure enters into the cut off valve it flows through the solex jet and valve, (which is held upon due to action of BP pressure on bottom side of the lower diaphragm) to the control reservoir, as the CR BP pressure equalizes, diaphragm assembly comedown and valve reach to lap position. The control reservoir pressure now also reaches to the upper portion of top diaphragm of quick service valve and the bottom portion of large diaphragm of main valve simultaneously, the auxiliary reservoir is charged with BP pressure reaching from cut off valve chamber- via auxiliary reservoir check valve. ) APPLICATION STAGE EMERGENCY APPLICATION During emergency application the brake pipe pressure is reduced rapidly to 0 kg / cm2 by the driver’s brake valve. Because of this drop the position of the various valves will be as described below. MAIN VALVE: With drop in BP pressure to 0 kg / cm2 differential pressure acts across the large diaphragm. As a result the hol low stem is moved in upward direction and pushes the check valve there by opening the passage for entry of auxiliary reservoir pressure at top portion of main valve. This pressure then gets a way to break cylinder through limiting device. The brake cylinder thus gets charged with the compressed air. This pressure is known as BC-pressure. LIMITING DEVICE The auxiliary reservoir pressure, which entered into the top position of main valve, now enters the limiting device through the valve, which is held open. From limiting device air pressure now enter the brake cylinder. When the BC pressure rises to 3. 8 kg / cm2 the upwards force on the diaphragm lifts the guide and the valve at the bottom of the limiting device gets closed. Thus further entry of air into the brake cylinder stops. When the brake cylinder pressure reaches 3. kg / cm2 this pressure i. e. BC pressure act on Top face of small diaphragm of main valve ? Bottom face of upper diaphragm of cut off valve ? Top (small chamber) of quick service valve Now because of this BC pressure acting at main valve small diaphragm, the hollow stem is pulled down. As a result the check valve at top comes down to close stage and assume lap position with the hollow stem closing f urther entry of AR pressure. CUT OFF VALVE: In cut off valve the bottom face of the upper diaphragm is subjected to BC pressure because of which guide is lifted. Also the upper portion of lower diaphragm is subjected to CR pressure, which pushes the total assembly downwards. This action closes the valve off cut off valve, these by isolating it from control reservoir pressure. QUICK SERVICE VALVE In quick service valve BC pressure acts at the top of valve and control reservoir pressure act at top face of upper diaphragm, As a result the stem is pushed down BP pressure inside the DV is at â€Å"0† kg / cm2 the residue BP pressure from the bulb of quick service valve will flow back and vent to atmosphere with the BP line. GRADUATED APPLICATION During graduated brake application the brake pipe pressure is draped in steps by driver is brake valve. The movement of various valve assemblies is almost in the some direction as during emergency application, but their movement is comparatively less. In the main valve however after each application the hollow stem assumes the lap position with the check valve. In addition to this during graduated application the bottom valve of limiting device is held open to allow compressed air to enter into brake cylinder. When BC pressure reaches 3. kg / cm2 the bottom valve in the limiting device gets closed, similarly at the time of full service application as the BC pressure reaches 3. 8 + 0. 1 kg / cm2 within specified time, the position of various valve assemblies will be the same as described above. 3) RELEASE STAGE When the brake pipe pressure is increased in steps for graduated release of breaks the position of different valve is as described below. MAIN VALVE At th e top face of large diaphragm as the BP pressure increases, the hollow stem is moved down ward leaving its lap position with check valve. The BC pressure thus finds a passage from top of hollow stem to exhaust to the atmosphere. This action reduces pressure on top of the upper diaphragm and the hollow stem engine lifts up to lap position. It closes the hollow stem top portion. The some cycle is repeated when BP is increased during next stage. In this way graduated release effect is obtained. CUT OFF VALVE; As the BP pressure increase the position of cut off valve remains similar as in graduated application i. e. the cut off valve will remain close isolating CR pressure from brake pipe pressure. QUICK SERVICE VALVE When the BP pressure is increased then as explained above from the main valve the BC pressure gets exhausted to atmosphere. This action gradually reduces the BC pressure. When BC pressure reduces to 0. 8 kg / cm2 during brake release, the force at the top of the quick service valve, becomes comparatively less than BP pressure present in Quick service valve. As a result the valve at top gets lifted thereby giving passage to blocked BP pressure to atmosphere with the exhaust of BP pressure the quick services valve of the distributor valve again gets ready for next brake application. MANUAL RELEASE Double release valve provides for accelerated manual brake release when is particularly useful during shunting operation. A short pull on the lever of double release valve is all that is needed. This action opens the control reservoir release chock valve, which is then held open by the locking rod, venting control reservoir through the open control reservoir release check valve brings the main valve to release position and exhaust the brake cylinder pressure through the hollow stem. PASSENGER EMERGENCY ALARM SYSTEM It consists of two components: 1. Passenger emergency alarm signal device (PEASD) 2. Passenger emergency alarm valve(PAEAV) These two components in combination give an indication to the e driver that some passenger is in need to stop the train. The indication is transmitted from the coach when the passenger pulls the chain. Passenger Emergency Alarm Signal Device:- PEASD is a manually operated pilot vent valve. It is operated through mechanical force exerted by pulling the alarm chain provided inside the coaches for emergency use. Passenger Emergency Alarm Valve:- Passenger coaches are fitted with an alarm chain pull arrangement. Alarm chain is connected to the two PEASD which are situated at either side of one end wall of the coach. PEASD’S are connected to the PEAV through a 10mm control pipe. BP pressure is fed to the PEAV through a 20mm branch pipe, in the event of alarm chain pull air is depleted form the control pipe connecting PEAV and PEASD causing BP pressure to exhaust through the 4 mm choke in the PEAV. This causes partial application of brakes. This drop in pressure in the brake pipe line is also observed in flow meter fitted in the locomotive for the driver to stop the train. LIFITING SHOP The main constructional and design feature of the ICF/RCF all-coil bogies, used on mainline BG coaches are briefly described as follows: |S. No. Description |Parameters | |1 |Maximum Axle load bearing |16,25t,13t | | |capacity | | |2 |Wheel base |2896 mm | |3 |Wheel Diameter |915 mm | |4 |Axle guidance |Telescopic axle guide with oil damping | |5 |Primary suspension |Coil spring | |6 |Secondary suspension |Coil spring | |7 |Shock absorbers |Vertical dashpot in primary suspension | | | |Hydraulic double a cting vertical shock | | | |Absorber in secondary suspension. |8 |Transfer of coach body weight |Through bogie side bearer pitched | | | |at 1600mm | ALL-COIL ICF BOGIE The bogies being currently manufactured by ICF/RCF which have been accepted as standards of the Indian Railways and are of an all welded light weight construction. Axles are located on the bogie by telescopic dash pot and axle guide assemblies. Helical coil springs are used in both the primary and the secondary stages. The axle guide device provides viscous damping across primary springs while hydraulic dampers are provided across the secondary stage. Dampers are protected against misalignment by resilient fittings. Isolation of vibration is effected by rubber pads in primary and secondary suspension. Deflection due to the tare weight is almost equally divided between axles and bolster springs. Weight of coach body is transferred to its bogie by side bearers consist of lubricated metal slides immersed in oil baths. No vertical weight transfer is affected through bogie pivot and the pivot acts merely as a centre of rotation and serves to transmit tractive / braking forces only. BOGIE ASSEMBLY The bogie frame and components are of all-welded light construction with a wheel base of 2. 896 metre. The wheel sets are provided with self-aligning spherical roller bearings mounted in cast steel axle box housings. Helical coil springs are used in both primary and secondary suspension. The weight of the coach is transferred through side bearers on the bogie bolsters. The ends of the bogie bolsters rest on the bolster helical springs over the lower spring beam suspended from the bogie frame by the inclined swing links at an angle 70 . Hydraulic shock absorbers and dash pots are provided in the secondary and primary suspensions respectively to damp vertical oscillations. AXLE BOX GUIDE WITH DASH POT ARRANGEMENT Axle box guides are of cylindrical type welded to the bottom flanges of the bogie side frame with close dimensional accuracy. These guides together with lower spring seats located over the axle box wings house the axle box springs and also serve as shock absorbers. These guides are fitted with guide caps having nine holes of diameter 5 mm equidistant through which oil in the lower spring seat passes under pressure during dynamic oscillation of coach and provide necessary damping to primary suspension to enhance better riding equality of coach. This type of rigid axle box guide arrangement eliminates any longitudinal or transverse relative movement between the axles and the bogie frame. The quantity of oil required to achieve 40 mm oil lever above the guide cap in modified arrangement is approximately 1. 6 liters and in unmodified arrangement is approximately 1. 4 litters. AIR VENT SCREWS On the bogie side frames, directly above the dash-pots, tapped holes are provided for replenishing oil in the dash pots. Special screws with copper asbestos washers are screwed on the tapped hole to make it air light. BOGIE BOLSTER SUSPENSION The bolster rests on the bolster coil springs- two at each end, located on the lower spring beam which is suspended from the bogie side frame by means of bolster-spring-suspension (BSS) hangers on either side. The two anchor links diagonally positioned are provided with silent block bushes. The links prevent any relative movement between the bogie frame and coach body. SPRINGS In ICF bogie, helical springs are used in both primary and secondary suspension. The springs are manufactured from peeled and centre less ground bar of chrome vanadium/chrome molybdenum steel conforming to STR No. WD-01-HLS-94(Rev. 1) CENTRE PIVOT ARRANGEMENT The centre pivot pin joins the body with the bogie and transmits the tractive and braking forces on the bogies. It does not transmit any vertical load. It is equipped with rubber silent block bushes which tend to centralize the bogies with respect to the body and, to some extent, control and damp the angular oscillations of the bogies SIDE BEARERS The side bearers are provided to support the weight of the coach. It consists of a machined steel wearing plate immersed in an oil bath and a floating bronze-wearing piece with a spherical top surface kept in it, on both sides of the bogie bolster. The coach body rests on the top spherical surface of these bronze-wearing pieces through the corresponding attachment on the bottom of the body-bolster. The whole arrangement is provided with a cover to prevent entry of dust in the oil sump. ANCHOR LINKS The floating bogie bolster which supports the coach body is held in position longitudinally by the anchor links which are pinned to the bolster sides and the bogie Transoms. One anchor link is provided on each side of the bolster diagonally across. The links can swivel universally to permit the bolster to rise and fall and sway side wards. They are designed to take the tractive and braking forces. The anchor links are fitted with silent block bushes SILENT BLOCK This is a synthetic rubber bush fitted in anchor link and center pivot of ICF bogies to transmit force without shock and reduce noise. EQUALISING STAYS This Device has been provided on bogies between the lower spring plank and the bolster to prevent lateral thrust on the bolster springs which have not been designed to take lateral force. These links have pin connection at both ends and therefore can swivel freely. BOLESTER SPRING SUSPENSION HANGERS (BSS HANGERS) In the secondary suspension the bolster is supported on helical coil springs which are placed on the lower spring plank is suspended from the bogie side frame through BSS hanger on hanger blocks. SHOCK ABSORBERS Hydraulic shock absorber is also provided to work in parallel with the bolster springs to facilitate damping for vertical oscillations. WORKSHOP MAINTENANCE- BOGIE SHOP 1. Coach Lifting 2. Bogie cleaning 3. Bogie dismantling 4. Component cleaning 5. Attention to components 6. Repair of components 7. Bogie assembly 8. Load testing and adjustment 9. Lowering of coach 10. Final adjustment OBJECT:- To study inspection testing procedure of helical spring of coaches also suggest methods of improvement to reduce rejection prevention from corrosion. USE OF SPRINGS:- Springs are used in the suspension system of coaches to absorbs the jerks developed during running of coach and provide comfort to the passengers. INSPECTION OF SPRINGS:- Springs are inspected during every POH. The inspection procedure is as follows: ? Springs which are lowered from the bogie are sent for the washing in spring section. Here the springs are dipped in the caustic soda tank for 12 to 16 hrs. so the oil, grease, scale etc are cleaned. ? Springs are then washed by the water jet. ? Visually inspect the springs for breakage, welding marks, cracks and corrosion pits. ? Shot peening for surface finish and fatigue relief of springs. ? Cracks are tested in magna flux machine. ? Coding of springs ? Anti corrosive coating of red oxide, and painted. ? Load test ? Grouping SHOT PEENING:- Shot peening is done for the surface finish and fatigue relief of springs. In shot peening process small particles of chilled iron are blasted on the springs with high velocity, so these particles works as abrasive and take away a fine layer of metal with it. And the surface of springs looks clean. Rotary Table Type Shot Blasting machine is used for the shot peening process. This machine has two tables which alternately loaded by springs. The max. dia of job is 1800 mm and load carrying capacity is 2500kg.. At a time 25 axle box springs or 18 bolster springs can be shot peened by the machine. TESTING OF CRACKS:- It is nondestructive method of testing. Magna flux machine is used for detection of cracks in spring. The spring is first bathed by the solution of flouroscent, iron powder and kerosene. Then the springs are magnetized by the machine with clamping in machine itself. When the springs are magnetized, the springs are lightened by the ultraviolet lamp. Since the process is done in the dark room, so if the springs have cracks then this flouroscent shines which penetrated in the springs due to crack ness and detection of cracks is done so the spring will rejected. LOAD TEST:- After coding and coating of paint the springs are sent to the load test. The springs are tested for the 2000ton load and this load is kept for 1 to 2 minutes. If the springs can sustain this load with limited deflection then springs are selected else rejected. METHODS OF IMPROVEMENT:- Use the springs made of standardized material as suggested by Railway’s Standard. ? The springs should be made of fine grained spring steel. ? Use the springs manufactured by the authentic company and also notice the manufacturing process of springs should be according to the standardized method. ? 100% of springs should be checked for all the test procedure. PREVENTION FROM CORROSION:- Springs should be coated with the anticorrosive paint and black bituminous paint. ———————– Technician 2 Technician 1 Senior technician Supervisor Supervisor Junior Engineer 2 Junior Engineer 2 Junior Engineer 1 Junior Engineer 1 Section Engineer Senior Section Engineer (SSE) Helper How to cite Railway Work Shop, Essay examples

Arts and craft movement Essay Example For Students

Arts and craft movement Essay The movements of arts and craft came about around the Victorian age in the United Kingdom. Arts designers and craftsmen wanted to improve certain standards of design which were being replaced by mechanization which created fine workmanship on a lot of goods. It originated during the British empire but later moved towards Europe as well as North America. William Morris was the lead artist Of the arts and craft movement from the sass onwards. The movement was also inspired by the writings fjord Risking. The movement stood on the basis Of simplicity and using simple design forms for decoration. The movement in Canada consists of architects. Teachers, and craftspeople who worked together to create astonishing works of hand crafted materials. At its peak in the sasss, it was most popular in the home design category. The Canadian movement differed from the LIKE in two ways. The first was the fact that there were not as many specialized craftsmen in Canada versus the ELK, Second preference was there was more of a family life in the LIKE in regards to a country styled home, It is evident that in todays society the arts and crafts movement is still very present. From the art gallery tot Ontario to the Hackwork Park in Toronto, the arts and crafts movement is here to stay. Westwood park is the best example of Canadian arts and crafts inspired neighborhoods housing roughly 60 homes which have been built by all different types of artists, By the time the arts ND crafts movement came to Canada it was already well know.

Isolation and Capital Punishments

Isolation and capital punishments are both social evils. Isolating people deprives them the right to stay with their families, and limits their freedom of movement (Samaha 418).Advertising We will write a custom essay sample on Isolation and Capital Punishments specifically for you for only $16.05 $11/page Learn More Besides, isolated persons seem to acquire brain disorders in the end and they become obliterated socially. On the other hand, capital punishments such as deaths deprives of people the freedom of life and goes against God’s command which disallows intentional killings of persons, or murder. Human beings need interaction with other people due to their social nature. Harlow used monkeys to study impacts of social isolation by raising these monkeys in a nursery. He concluded that neglected and orphaned children experience psychological damage, similar to monkeys. Therefore, he showed that children need nurturing for proper functioning of their brains (Gawande par. 9). Experiments on human adults also show similar results. Long distance sailors, who only communicate through videos report high levels of loneliness that destroy their souls. Anderson, a chief Middle East correspondent, missed people terribly during his confinement. He dozed off and yearned for any form of activity during the day. Later, he began trembling and he feared to lose his mind. Eventually, Anderson lost his mind and he began beating his forehead against the wall. Proponents of long-term isolation in prisons argue that it prevents violence and offers discipline (Gawande par. 13). When prisoners disobey rules by engaging in drugs and attacking correction staff, wardens have no choice but to offer penalty in efforts to contain the behavior (Gawande par. 13). Therefore, proponents label isolation as unavoidable and term all those that fail to support this idea as naà ¯ve. In America, the number of prisoners in isolation is quite high. America beli eves that confining prisoners together increases violence due to overcrowding. Besides, some criminals are just too dangerous for common housing. Britain tried solitary confinement of prisoners, but it failed as violence in the cells increased.Advertising Looking for essay on social sciences? Let's see if we can help you! Get your first paper with 15% OFF Learn More Alternatively, Britain adopted a system of preventing violence in prison instead of offering more punishments. They presented violent prisoners with more control by offering them opportunities for work, education as well as special programming (Gawande par. 72). Britain found out that prisoners who were extremely violent in one area behaved perfectly well in other areas. In the same way, Felton, a psychosis who faced confinement at some point, argues against solitary confinement. Capital punishment, similar to isolation, is also evil. Death penalty is certainly wrong, since every human being has a right to life. Besides, governments attain moral authority from God and thus, should not break His command against murder and avenge (Scalia par. 13). No person has power to avenge by death, as this is a divine responsibility. Besides, most crimes that lead to capital punishments are less likely to come from the same offender for a second time. For instance, domestic murder that results from passion is unlikely to come from the same person for a second time. Nevertheless, involved persons undergo life imprisonment just as a form of punishment, or justice. Clearly, this is vengeance, which is against the will of God. Besides, such persons are not likely to gain from any form of rehabilitation offered in prisons. Rather, imprisonment will just make them to lose their minds due to loneliness experienced in isolation. The main reason behind punishment inflicted by the society is to rectify disorder that results from the offense. However, it is obvious that capital punishment hardly defends the s ociety, or corrects disorder. The structure of the word’s penal system has seen much upgrading to include cells that are very clean, meals planned by nutritionists, rooms for exercise and even allows visits by partners. This arrangement of just retribution does not prohibit evil acts, as people are not afraid to face reprimand with these conditions. The penalty of death is wrong, as no government or person has moral authority over life. The main force behind modern hatred to the death penalty is comparing government morality with personal morality. This is plain due to contemporary democratic governments.Advertising We will write a custom essay sample on Isolation and Capital Punishments specifically for you for only $16.05 $11/page Learn More The catholic religion, for instance, allows death penalty if it makes prudential considerations However, it becomes difficult to know when such considerations are prudent. The Catholic Church disallows mate rs such as abortion and birth control totally, yet considers death penalty as just and right in some occasions. In conclusion, both isolation and capital punishments are social evils. Isolating prisoners causes psychological damage and does not stop violence, or discipline them as expected. While proponents of isolation label it as unavoidable, a country like Britain has adopted a system of preventing violence in prison, and not practicing isolation. Violent prisoners get more control through opportunities such as work and education. Similarly, capital punishment in the form of death penalty is wrong, as life is divine. Besides, death penalty does not prevent crime, as same offenders never commit most crimes that lead to capital punishments. In addition, death penalty for vengeance is unjustifiable according to biblical doctrine. Therefore, societies should ban capital punishments and try other ways of handling persons who commit serious offenses. Works Cited Gawande, Atul. Hellhole : The United States holds tens of thousands of inmates in long-term solitary confinement. Is this torture? The New Yorker. 30 Mar. 2009. Web. Samaha, Joel. Criminal justice, Belmont, CA: Thomson/Wadsworth, 2006. Print. Scalia, Antonin. God’s Justice and Ours. Issue Archive. May 2002. Web. This essay on Isolation and Capital Punishments was written and submitted by user Maya Pierce to help you with your own studies. You are free to use it for research and reference purposes in order to write your own paper; however, you must cite it accordingly. You can donate your paper here.

Latin Personal Pronouns

Latin Personal Pronouns A pronoun stands in for a noun. A personal pronoun works like a noun in one of the 3 persons, which are, predictably, numbered 1st, 2nd, and 3rd. In Latin, nouns, pronouns, and adjectives are declined: endings signify the specific use of the pronouns in the sentence. These uses and endings are the cases. Commonly, there are nominative, genitive, dative, accusative, and ablative cases. Latin Personal Pronouns in the Subject or Nominative Case Subject or Nominative Case pronouns function as the subject of a sentence. (The subject is the word in the sentence that does the verb.) Here are the English subject pronouns followed by the Latin nominative pronouns. I - EgoYou - TuHe/She/It - Is/Ea/IdWe - NosYou - VosThey - Ei Oblique Case Pronouns: Genitive Case The oblique cases are the cases that are not nominative/subject. One of these is familiar from English pronouns. This familiar case is the possessive or Genitive Case, as it is called in reference to Latin. The English determiner my is a possessive. The English pronouns mine, ours, yours, and his/her/its are possessive pronouns. Other Oblique Cases Other oblique cases are the direct object (Accusative Case in Latin) and the prepositional cases (in English). Accusative Case The Accusative Case is used as the direct object of a sentence or the object of a preposition. Not all Latin prepositions take the Accusative Case. Some prepositions take other cases. Dative Case The Dative Case is the equivalent of the English indirect object case. The indirect object is used in English when a verb takes 2 objects: one is acted upon (the direct object/Accusative Case) and one receives the object (the indirect object/Dative Case). (Subject does direct object to indirect object [example below].) You can generally spot the indirect object easily in English because the prepositions to and for precede it*. In Latin, there are no propositions for the Dative Case. He gave the letter to you (Epistulam tibi donavit.) He Subject/Nominative CaseTo You Indirect Object/Dative Case tibiThe Letter Direct Object/Accusative CaseDoing it all with pronouns:He gave it to you. (Id tibi donavit)**He Subject/Nominative CaseIt Direct Object/Accusative Case idTo You Indirect Object/Dative Case tibi Besides the Dative Case for the indirect object, where the English preposition is spelled out (to or for), there are other prepositional cases. Ablative Case The Ablative Case is used with a wide variety of propositions, including with and by. Like the Dative Case, the prepositions are sometimes implied in Latin, rather than written out. The case that is used for the direct object which youll remember is called the Accusative Case is also used with some prepositions. Some prepositions take either the Ablative or the Accusative Case, depending on meaning. * Not all instances of the prepositions to and for in English signify the indirect object. ** Note the subject personal pronoun is not spelled out but is included in the information from the verb, which tells you person, number, voice, mood, aspect, and tense. You could say Ille id tibi donavit if the he in question were important.

Strategic management Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 2000 words - 6

Strategic management - Essay Example After enumerating the internal and external business affairs of Lego, the essay emphasizes the drawbacks of the company and finds ways through which it may overcome its negativities. 1. Which stage of the industry life cycle is the Toy industry in? How has that affected Lego’s ability to gain market share? This is the period of globalization and liberalization when almost all the industries in the market are booming. International trade is at its zenith, when most of the business firms are enjoying the benefits of the growing market. Consumerism has become the catchphrase of the world economy in 21st century. Income levels of the developed economies are augmenting and the developing economies are emerging with high growth rates. At this stage per capita income levels of almost all the open economies in the world are improving. With the improvements in standard of living, the aggregate demand for luxuries and comforts has enhanced. Life cycle models are not only common to the l iving beings but also associate with industries. Even an industry begins, grows, becomes mature and finally collapse with time. This is not because an industry has life but because an industry’s existence depends on the consumers whose taste and preference changes with time. The toy industry is at its peak of life cycle, where more than thousand companies operate in the industry with high turnovers and revenues. In United States the industry generates high revenue of about $20 billion (Little & King Co., 2010). Top popular toy companies are Lego, Mattle, Hasbro etc. A big segment of the industry comprises of the game making companies like Sony, Microsoft and Nintendo. This industry manufactures a wide variety of toys like non-electric toys, children vehicles, preschool toys, stuffed animals, art & crafts, dolls etc. Toys are not only sources of entertainment for the children but also serve as basic academic tools to develop memory skills in them. Lego is a popular toy manufac turing company in Denmark, the headquarters of the company is in Billund. The company mainly engages in the manufacture of construction toys. The Lego bricks are generally colourful and can be used to make various types of toy cars or buildings. The growth of the toy industry has generated several positive externalities for Lego. The Lego group has exhibited unremitting growth since the last few years and the rates of growth have always been in double digits. The world’s best market for Lego bricks is U.S. Lego toys are marketed in more than 130 countries in the world. The company has a club of its loyal customers that comprises almost 4.2 million members. Today it can be hypothesized that on an average each individual in earth has approximately 80 Lego bricks to play with. Over the years more than 600 billion Lego elements have been manufactured (Lego, 2012). Figure 1: Lego House (Source: Lego, 2012) Producing bright and colourful bricks as toys, Lego have introduced a revol utionary change in the world of toys, where children may explore their creativity. The main driving force of the company is to encourage creative opportunities for all children.   Ã¢â‚¬Å"Our idea is to create a toy that prepares the child for life, appeals to the imagination and develops the creative urge and joy of creation that are the driving force in every human being†. The demand for Lego toys is increasing with time; accordingly the quantity of toy manufactured is also increasing. Figure 2: Experience

The role of Government in the Information Assurance and Security Research Paper

The role of Government in the Information Assurance and Security process and their access to personal information to include soc - Research Paper Example Cyber criminals have continued to develop better and more sophisticated tools of accessing private information of highly confidential government agencies, banks, credit bureaus and research institutes. This has increased to pile more pressure on the government as steps that ensure information assurance and confidentiality rises. With the rising corporate competition, unauthorized access to the competitor’s strategic information can provide the necessary leeway for growth. This has seen company’s loss private marketing and management ideas to their rivals through unauthorized access to private information. The government has a huge responsibility in the provision of information assurance and security to both its agencies and private companies. In the process of achieving this important goal, the government accesses private and personal information of its citizens. This has created a major public outrage as they feel that their privacies have been invaded. Mobile phones, social media and emails are avenues for individuals to exchange either business or personal information. ... Introduction Background information of the study Information security is the continuous protection of information and security apparatuses from any unauthorized access, disruption, alteration, publication or even termination and disruption. Information assurance and security is about creating systems that promote a secure platform for storing information and data without the fear of unwanted intrusion. Information in today’s world is a critical asset that must be safeguarded at all costs. Unwanted access to private information can lead to loss of such important assets, which may cripple an organization. Competitive edge is the desire of every corporation in this competitive world of business. Any organization that can easily access the others information regarding their future operation plans can scheme to stifle such plans. Any step that threatens private and business information therefore threatens the existence of the business (Motorola Inc, 2010, p.4). Backstreet terrorism has been replaced with more advanced techniques that vary from cyber attacks, access to confidential security details online and attacks on bank information. Any lapse in the security system of technologically stored information translates into millions of shillings or thousands of lives lost. The main mandate of any government is to ensure that its citizens are protected at all times (Bowens and Keys, 2004). Adopting steps that ensure that no security lapse can occur within the government security details is of great importance. Attack on government dignitaries can be easier if terrorist access their private security details. It is therefore the sole role of the government to ensure that confidential information is kept safe and secure from terrorist attacks (Cybercore

Examine the leadership styles of lewin (1951)white lippit(1960)and Essay

Examine the leadership styles of lewin (1951)white lippit(1960)and consider how it applies to your current or past work place.us - Essay Example According to them, leaders acted in three main ways, laissez – faire, democratic and autocratic leadership style. Autocratic leaders dictated terms and people had to obey them blindly. Democratic leaders discussed all probabilities and also made followers to take their own decisions. Laissez – faire is the extreme opposite to autocratic leadership style. They completely parted with all responsibilities to the followers. The experiments conducted by Lewin on planned change and styles of leadership spurred the launch of group dynamics research and change programs implementation (Burnes 2004). Relevance of Lewin, White and Lippit’s leadership styles in today’s healthcare organizations Nursing is basically a people oriented profession and hence there is considerably focus on humanity and this is one of the basic factors influencing nursing leadership. In order to deal with daily work routines and situations, nursing managers need to make the most use of situat ional leadership. For this, the manager must be aware of the leadership styles employed, task and the processes and systems followed in the healthcare organization. Nursing managers who can successfully combine the above mentioned attributes attain maximum success in handling challenging situations (Sellgren, Ekvall & Tomson 2006). However, the traditional leadership styles experimented on a group of children by Lewin, Lippitt and White may not be the most popular leadership style adapted by nurse managers. In fact, on the basis of these behavioural forced leadership styles, the transformational leadership was subsequently developed and is still considered one of the most popular leadership style adapted by nurse managers. Transformational leadership styles take on all the aspects of democratic, autocratic and laissez – faire styles and apply it depending on the situation warranted. Hence, in today’s changing healthcare organizations, nurse managers have to utilize all the three leadership styles proposed by White, Lippitt and Lewin depending on the situation (Molero et al. 2007). Changes made in the organizational structure also affect the leadership style to be adapted by nurse managers. Also the diverse phases of development which an organization goes through, warrants diverse management efforts and the leadership style should be in compliance with the particular stage through which the organization runs through. The current changes in the environment affecting the culture in the organization also spurs nurse managers to create a specific leadership style of their own in order to handle tasks efficiently (Lindholm, Sivberg & Uden 2000). Hence, most nurse managers employ all three styles of democratic, laissez – faire and authoritative depending on the situation. The leadership style adapted by nursing managers depends on the climate of the group. The manager needs to find out whether the needs of the group are meted out and whether the group is so formed in order to handle group goals. In this case, the nurse leader needs to first make a retrospect of his or her behavioural traits. Accordingly, the current situation in the organizati

Smoking, Alcohol and Obesity in New Zealand

Smoking, Alcohol and Obesity in New Zealand Introduction This research project is going to deal with three kinds of Maori trends, which have been issued from 1919 to the present and this research is going to identify and demonstrate about Smoking, Alcohol and Obesity. Those trends based on Northland, New Zealand. Additionally, each trend is identified by each difference question. Below question of bullet points demonstrate what this research project is going to do. Smoking: Why do Maori women smoke during pregnant? Alcohol: Why do young Maori people drink alcohol? Obesity: Why do Maori people have obesity? Those above questions are going to be shown by ethical and cultural considerations as following methodologies, which are literature review and statistical data and graph. Moreover, those trends are approached to Maori Hauora form, which is Te Whare Tapa Wha and the form consider Taha Tinana (Physical health), Taha wairua (spiritual health), Taha wanau (family health), Taha hinengaro (mental health). For three Maori health trends, this research is going to involve health services which are accessibility and Affordability. Accessibility is that many Maori have issues on transport such as own car and transportation. Affordability is significant barrier for Maori to access general practitioner due to too high cost. Methodology -Literature Review Literature review has plenty of sources for this research project. The example of resources is book, Internet, journals, government publications, dissertations, theses, electronic databases and reference materials. Those resources are helpful to understand and identify 3 Maori trends that I choose in existing knowledge. By using those resources even literature review makes the research project to avoid reinventing the wheel by undertaking research for which the conclusions are already known. -Statistical data and Graph Statistical data and graph provide factual data which is based on true events that is occurred in the past, thereby we can identify Maori trends. Additionally, those methodologies make this research easy to gather information and analysing trends. à ¢- Literature Review Smoking: Question1. Why do Maori women smoke during pregnant? As national hospital data from 1999-2003, 39 percent of Maori women over 15 years old smoked during pregnant. On the other hands, 12.5 percent of non-Maori women over 15 years old smoked during pregnant. Even though Maori women had higher percent of smoking rate during pregnant, they tried to cut smoking for being safe of their baby. Below table is shown how many Maori women were quit smoking for pregnant. Table 1. Smoking rate broken into age of Maori women Below bullets are shown why they keep smoking during pregnancy. Nicotine is addictive; Study participants smoked on average 9 cigarette per day even 52 percent participants smoked within 30 minutes of waking. The women are healthy; The Maori women have not had experience health problems regarding with smoking. So, their motivation to quit is for baby. Poor knowledge of increased risk; Maori pregnant women have poor knowledge of increased risk. So, they do not know what kind of effect baby is affected by smoking. For helping explanation, below table is shown. Table2. Belief statement about smoking during pregnancy There are not may support agencies to help Maori pregnant women. 82% of women recall being advised to stop smoking but few health professionals provided cessation assistance or referral. The delivered information was mixed; some women also felt supported to just cut down and were told not to quit as withdrawals could stress the baby. The most significant reason why women keep smoking during pregnant is because most women tried to quit with 2 weeks of finding out they were pregnant but only 2 pregnancies were planned for pregnant and on average women did not know they were pregnant until 7-8weeks even they do not make a book with Midwife until 11-13 weeks. They are surrounded by smokers; 62% of Maori population smoked. 67% of partners smoked. So, pregnant women can access easily in smoking area. Below table is shown environment. Table3. Environment – a) Social and b) Work Alcohol: Question2. Why do young Maori drink alcohol? Alcohol is widely used by youth of Maori. There were 1702 Maori students in the Youth’07 sample accounting for 18.7% of the total secondary school sample. 43.5% of all Maori students perceived that it was okay for people their age to drink alcohol regularly. Maori students think drinking alcohol was okay because 78% of their friends regularly drank alcohol. Additionally, 66% of students’ parents drank alcohol regularly at home. So, Maori students thought it was okay for them and below figure 1 is shown where Maori students get their alcohol from. Figure1. Percentage of source The most common problems associated with drinking alcohol were doing things that could have got them into serious trouble that is reported by 28% of current drinkers and getting injured after drinking alcohol (27%). 34% of all Maori students reported that within the previous month they had been a passenger in a car with a driver who had been drinking alcohol. Of those Maori students who had driven on a public road, 15% reported that they had driven a car after consuming alcohol. Additionally, drinking alcohol has affected in diverse way following bullet point will show. Increased risks of motor vehicle collisions, injuries and deaths Increased risks of crime Increased risks of sexual risk taking Mental health problems and suicidal behaviours Below figure 2 is shown that problems associated with alcohol use among current drinkers. Figure2. Problems associated with alcohol use among current drinkers Three of problem associated with alcohol use are noticeable which are had unsafe sex, done things that could have got you into serious trouble and been injured after you had been drinking alcohol. Diabetes Question3. Why is Maori higher rate of diabetes? There is variety reasons that make diabetes occurred and obesity is the most affected occurring obesity among diverse reasons. Below figure and table are going to show how many Maori population is obesity as dividing ethnic group. Figure3. Proportion of the population aged 15+ who are obese, by sex ethnic group Table4. Obesity prevalence rate, Maori, Non-Maori, 1998/1990, 1997 There are many Maori suffering diabetes and the population having diabetes in Maori are much higher than non-Maori. The population is nearly three times more common in Maori. Additionally, Maori being diagnosed have type 2 diabetes which are expected to significantly increase over the next 20 years with the biggest impact being on Maori, Pacific people and those living in deprived neighbourhoods. The main reason that many Maori are having type 2 diabetes is unequal access to and quality of diabetes care. Although there may be many other reasons to explain disparities of death and complications from type 2 diabetes, there is evidence that ethnic in access to and quality of care may play a role. Table5. Type 2 diabetes mellitus, deaths (2000-2004) and hospitalizations (2003-2005) by ethnicity and sex Maori age being diagnosed of type 2 diabetes are 47.8years, six years younger than non-Maori(54.2years) and the self-reported prevalence of diabetes was 3.5 times higher among Maori than among non-Maori and besides the risk for hospitalization because of type 2 diabetes is 4 times higher for Maori than non-Maori as above table4. Diabetes has a tendency to bring other diseases. By doing this, diabetic complications are suffered that is renal failure, lower limb amputation, eyes problems and heart disease. Even those diabetic complications are diagnosed more for Maori than non-Maori. Prevention of diabetes at a community level is predicated upon promotion of healthy diet, exercise and thus, weight control. However, policy and practice strongly believe behaviour change at the individual level is significant. It is unfortunately that this is going to solve diabetic epidemic and structural change at the level of taxation incentive, food regulation and advertising for healthy changes in manufacturing will be needed. Ngati Porou Hauora (NPH) on the East Coast is implementing a programme called Ngati and Healthy. Their purpose is reducing the risk of type 2 diabetes mellitus by promoting a lifestyle characterised by healthy eating and regular exercise and also increase awareness of diabetes and pre-diabetic conditions both amongst those at high risk of developing diabetes. Analysis By using those above literature review, this research was demonstrated three Hauora trends which are smoking, alcohol and diabetes based on question. In addition, the information of data in literature review is going to be analysed with bullet points. Smoking: why do Maori women smoke during pregnant? High percentage of Maori women smoke during pregnant Having poor knowledge of increased risks for baby. Pregnant women have know well 3 problems that is out of ten problems, which are low birth baby, breathing problems and sickness in infant and sudden infant death syndrome. Not enough support agencies to help Maori pregnant women Difficult environment to cease smoking at home and working place. There are many people smoke surroundings pregnant women. Being ware of pregnant late cause unplanned pregnant. Pregnant women recognise after 2 weeks. The delivered information was mixed Alcohol: why do young Maori drink alcohol? Having easy environment to drink alcohol by family and friends Not being ware of drink alcohol Nearly half percentage of Maori students perceived that alcohol use is okay 78% of Maori students friends regularly drink alcohol 66% of parents of Maori student regularly drink alcohol Most Maori students take alcohol by friends and parents. 28% of current drinker get into them serious trouble 27% of current drinker are getting injured after drinking 34% of all Maori students reported that within the previous month they had been a passenger in a car with a driver who had been drinking alcohol Drinking alcohol has affected in mental health problems and suicidal behaviours Diabetes: why is Maori higher rate of diabetes? Common disease in Maori population Three times higher than non- Maori population for Maori Type 2 diabetes expected to significantly increase over next 20 years Having unequal access to Maori for quality of diabetes care Diabetic complications are diagnosed more for Maori which are renal failure, lower limb amputation, eyes problems and heart disease. Significant treatment is weigh control NPH (Ngati Porou Hauora) is implement for promoting promoting a lifestyle characterised Conclusion This research dealt three Hauora trends from 1919 to this present day regarding each questions. In the smoking part, many pregnant Maori women smoke during pregnancy. So, they need to support to cease smoking by education. As the research dealt, many pregnant Maori women have poor knowledge what side effect coming when they smoke during pregnant. This is most significant issues and other important issue is unplanned pregnancy. Therefore, they smoke until they recognise they are pregnant. To prevent this kind of happening, health provider have to deliver information to Maori female even male also to make them aware of side effect of smoking surrounding pregnant women. In the Alcohol part, Most Maori students are exposure to easily get alcohol and most significant problems is Maori students is not aware of seriousness of drinking alcohol because of their surroundings. Alcohol use make problems in variety situation and it make Maori students injured even seriously. So, to prevent this k ind of situation, they need to be provided education. In diabetes part, type 2 diabetes is common disease among Maori even that disease is occurred three times higher than non-Maori. The reason that diabetes is occurred is closely relative with lifestyle and the rate of obesity is higher than non-Maori. So, Maori need to improve their life style by exercise, control weight and manage diet. References Health Quality Safety Commission New Zealand, University of Auckland Lessons from research with Maori Women(2006), Retrieved from http://www.hqsc.govt.nz/assets/CYMRC/Resources/RSP-Maori-Women-Smoking.pdf New Zealand medical Association, The New Zealand Medical Journal, Why Maori women continue to smoke while pregnant, Marewa Glover, Anette Kira(n/d), Retrieved from http://www.whakawhetu.co.nz/sites/default/files/why%20maori%20women%20continue%20to%20smoke.pdf Heath Promotion Agency, Alcohol Use and Maori Young People (2007), Retrieved from http://www.alcohol.org.nz/sites/default/files/researchpublications/pdfs/AlcoholENGLISHFact_Sheett_08LoRes.pdf The New Zealand Medical Journal, Binge drinking among Maori secondary school students in New Zealand: association with source, exposure and perception of alcohol use (2013), Retrieved from https://www.nzma.org.nz/journal/read-the-journal/all-issues/2010-2019/2013/vol-126-no-1370/article-clark University OTAGO. (n,d) Hauora: Maori Standards of Health IV. Retrieved from: http://www.otago.ac.nz/wellington/otago067748.pdf

A Selection from Perpetual Masquerade: Marriage,Sexuality and Suicide in Madame Bovary :: Research Papers

A Selection from Perpetual Masquerade: Marriage,Sexuality and Suicide in Madame Bovary Introduction: the Heroine’s Dilemma The essence of the happenings of ordinary contemporary life seemed to Flaubert to consist not in tempestuous actions and passions, not in demonic men and forces, but in the prolonged chronic state whose surface movement is mere empty bustle, while underneath it there is another movement, almost imperceptible but universal and unceasing, so that the political, economic, and social subsoil appears comparatively stable and at the same time intolerably charged with tension.1 The high incidence of suicide among women who people nineteenth-century fiction and drama, as illustrated in Flaubert’s Madame Bovary and Ibsen’s Hedda Gabler, among others, often is viewed as the heroine’s quick and relatively easy way of escaping from her problems and from the complexities of life. The shock of suicide, especially as it is presented in Madame Bovary, brings to the fore the seriousness writers like Flaubert and Ibsen attached to the power society wields in molding a woman’s life and character into the model it deems appropriate. Their fictions show how dire the consequences may become should a woman’s needs lie dormant or fail to be fully realized. Among the needs that go unfulfilled in the women of these literary works are their sexual ones, which is why so many of these novels and plays center on sexual awakening and on the dissatisfactions of marriages of a conventional kind. The amount of research done and material written on this topic speaks to its significance when considering the issue of sexuality both for the characters in the aforementioned novels and for women in general. In This Sex Which is Not One, for instance, Luce Irigaray says that â€Å"Woman derives pleasure from what is so near that she cannot have it nor have herself. She herself enters into a ceaseless exchange of herself with the other without any possibility of identifying either† (31). Indeed, as we can see in these literary works, the oft overlooked (or merely misunderstood) subject of female sexuality, if even granted its own status, remains a threat to male control in such androcentric societies. Particularly prominent in the discussion of the place of and entitlements for female sexuality is Flaubert’s protagonist. Emma, because of her resistance to women’s pre-mandated roles and because she eventually succumbs to suicide, stands as a fitting example of a culpable character for those readers alarmed by the willful or independent woman. In this analysis, sexual and personal latitude, Emma’s case certainly suggests, breeds destruction of what most nineteenth-century bourgeois considered the core of existence: strict adherence to the social and moral codes maintaining a proper and

Hazardous wastes come

Hazardous wastes come in many different signifiers, forms and sizes. But all risky waste has one thing in common. If it is non disposed of properly it can be harmful to our planet. Hazardous waste can come in the signifier of a solid, liquid or gas. Hazardous wastes are divided into different classs ; listed wastes, characteristic wastes, cosmopolitan wastes, and assorted wastes. Listed wastes are specific wastes that the US Environmental Protection Agency has decided are unsafe. They are farther categorized into the F-list ; non- specific beginning wastes from common fabrication and industrial procedures, the K-list ; source-specific wastes in industries such as crude oil refinement or pesticide fabrication, and the P-list and U-list ; specific discarded commercial chemical merchandises such as certain pesticides and pharmaceutical merchandises. Characteristic wastes are non needfully listed as risky but if they show grounds of ignitability, corrosivity, responsiveness, or toxicity. Universal wastes include batteries, pesticides, mercury-containing equipment, and visible radiation bulbs. Assorted wastes contain a combination of radioactive and risky waste constituents. A individual, company or a location that generates risky waste are divided into three classs: Large measure generators ( LOGs ) bring forthing 1,000 kgs per month or more, little measure generators ( SOGs ) bring forthing more than 100 kgs, but less than 1,000 kgs per month, and Conditionally relieve little measure generators ( CESQGs ) bring forthing 100 kgs or less per month of risky waste. Businesss such as dry cleaners, car fix stores, gas Stationss, infirmaries, eradicators, and exposure processing centres generate a great trade of risky waste. In infirmaries entirely, risky waste can be found in research labs, nursing units, the pharmaceutics, runing suites, dental clinics, x-ray units, and the mortuary. In those countries, risky waste can come in the signifier of x-ray movie, ethyl alcohol, batteries, fluorescent visible radiation bulbs, IV bags, z-ray shielding putty, and even chemotherapy drugs. This nevertheless is merely a short list of possible risky waste in our concerns. Although industries create a batch of risky waste, families generate a just sum every bit good. In our autos we use gasoline, antifreeze, car batteries, brake fluid, oil and fuel filters, carburettor cleansing agent, engine degreaser, and transmittal fluid. To clean our place we use ammonia, antibacterial merchandises and germicides, Cl bleach, drain opener, furniture Polish, metal cleaners, oven cleaner, rust remover, athletics and discoloration remover, and lavatory bowl cleansing agent, and for our out-of-door needs we use lawn and garden works insect slayer, bullet toxicant, weed slayers and if you own a pool, pool chemicals. For personal merchandises use hair colour, hairspray, nail gloss, nail Polish remover, and risky wastes are even in some medical specialties. Transporters move risky waste from one site to another. A transporter must obtain an EPA designation figure, must follow transportation installation demands, provide attesting and record maintaining and cognize the actions to take in the event of risky waste discharges or spills ( 1 ) . The Hazardous Waste Manifest System is used to track risky waste from the site where it is produced to the site that will hive away, recycle, dainty or dispose of the waste. The Toxic Substances Control Act controls the 70,000 plus chemicals that are being distributed in the United States. The policy includes â€Å" 1 ) adequate informations should be developed with regard to the consequence of chemical substances and mixtures on wellness and the environment and that the development of such informations should be the duty of those who manufacture and those who process such chemical substances and mixtures ; 2 ) adequate authorization should be to modulate chemical substances and mixtures which present an unreasonable hazard of hurt to wellness or the environment, and to take action with regard to chemical substances and mixtures which are at hand jeopardies ; and 3 ) authorization over chemical substances and mixtures should be exercised in such a mode as non to hinder unduly or make unneeded economic barriers to technological invention while carry throughing the primary intent of this chapter to guarantee that such invention and commercialism in such c hemical substances and mixtures do non show an unreasonable hazard of hurt to wellness or the environment † ( Chapter 53-Toxic Substance Control, Subchapter I-Control of Toxic Substances ) . This Amendment was passed in 1976 to guarantee the ordinance of these substances by the Environmental Protection Agency and the safety of our planet and the animals and worlds populating it.